Six transgender Idahoans filed a federal lawsuit on Wednesday challenging the state’s new bathroom law, which civil rights experts say is the most restrictive in the nation.

The law, which is set to go into effect in July, carries criminal penalties for people if they enter a bathroom or locker room that does not align with their sex assigned at birth in both government-owned buildings and private businesses.

Anyone who “knowingly” enters such a bathroom could face a year in jail for a misdemeanor first offense, or up to five years in prison for a felony second offense.

Idaho’s bathroom law is the “most punitive and broadest sweeping law in the country,” said Paul Carlos Southwick, the legal director for the ACLU of Idaho. So far, it is the only state to criminalize transgender people’s bathroom usage in private businesses.

The plaintiffs, represented by the American Civil Liberties Union and Lambda Legal, said the law has forced them to wonder whether they’ll risk arrest and harassment every time they need to use the bathroom in public. The law could also exacerbate feelings of gender dysphoria, and avoiding public restrooms altogether could lead to medical issues such as urinary tract infections, the plaintiffs say.

One plaintiff, Diego Fable, a 32-year-old transgender man living in Boise, said he has used the men’s restroom for the past decade without any issues. But now, he worries that the law would force him to use the women’s restroom and could open him up to the possibility of violence and harassment.

“I now have no choice but to relocate to a different state to protect myself,” Fable said during a press call Thursday morning. “Idaho is my home, but living in fear is not sustainable. This law is forcing me to leave my friends and family behind.”

Idaho’s law is “unconstitutionally vague” and discriminates against transgender people based on their sex and transgender status, as well as infringes on their privacy rights, the civil rights groups argue in the class-action suit.

For one thing, the law bars people from restrooms “designated for use by the opposite biological sex,” but does not specifically define what “biological sex” means, which legal experts say causes confusion for transgender individuals.

The law does carve out some exceptions for single-use bathrooms when those are the only restrooms available or for when a person is in “dire need” and must use a restroom designated for another sex, but similarly doesn’t specify what conditions constitute “dire.”

“This makes it incredibly difficult for law enforcement to know how to approach enforcement,” Kell Olson, a staff attorney at Lambda Legal, said during the press call. “It just creates a whole lot of chaos and confusion across the board.”

The law cleared the state’s Republican-led legislature and was signed by Republican Gov. Brad Little earlier this month despite opposition from Idaho’s Fraternal Order of Police.

“This proposal presents significant practical enforcement challenges for law enforcement officers in the field,” the Idaho FOP wrote in a letter addressed to the Idaho House. “In many circumstances, there is no clear or reasonable way for officers to make a [biological sex] determination without engaging in questioning or investigative actions that could be viewed as invasive and inappropriate.”

Twenty-one states have passed some kind of ban on trans people’s bathroom usage. States including Utah, Florida and Kansas have enacted bans on trans people’s bathroom usage in government-owned buildings, including schools, universities and airports.

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